Trade

Trade (in English:), or ( commerce in English:) is a voluntary exchange of goods, or services, or both. But the word is used more in English to denote the exchange between the entities or states, not individuals. The place in which they are traditionally called the exchange of goods market, then the word on the overall market area indicate that the dealer can sell his goods which are no longer confined to one place, but includes all the options available to him for sale. Be negotiated during the sale price of the goods, estimated value and the payment is currently by means of trade, called money, instead of the traditional form of the sale, which was a trade-off (compared to other goods).

Trade is concentrated on the exchange of goods or services, exchanges may occur between two parties (bilateral trade) or between more than two parties (multilateral trade). Money was invented to facilitate trade, in modern times has introduced credit cards and e-commerce to facilitate trade and stock trading online purchases.

Meaning of linguistic

Only the meaning of trade on the meaning of the language of the word "trade" is to turn the money for the purpose of profit (for the word trade shows in the door under the counter and "had" dared or trade - Dictionary Ocean - Part I). Has been known to Ibn Khaldun in his introduction to the famous trade it: Trying to earn money to buy the development and sale of goods and services. And thus the most basic business is the purchase price of a commodity and the biggest difference is profit.


Significance of economic of the word "trade is on the mediation process and to mediate between producer and consumer. And the resulting exit of two types of business on the scope of trade and that were located on both sides of the line of economic activity; The first type is what the first product of the commodity, especially when it comes to agricultural products. The second type is what the final consumer of the action limited to the item to purchase, consumption and utilization, and here we find the concept of linguistic convergence between trade and the economic concept of trade, which in turn is related to business activity and the circulation of goods.

The legal significance

Meaning legal:

In this regard the concept of trade expands and goes beyond the concept of linguistic and economic to include transformation products of their primary commodities with a view to selling them after the re-manufacture the so-called manufacturing industries, and also includes activity on industry and maritime and air transport, banks

READ MORE... Résuméabuiyad

Currency market

The word "Forex" refers to the foreign exchange market or the global stock of foreign exchange, the abbreviation of the term economic foreign language "any" foreign exchange market, "a market extends all over the world where the disposal of currency by several participants, such as international banks and institutions international financial markets and traders of individuals.

History of currency market

Some scholars say that the Forex market due to the Babylonians on the one hand and established principles. In those times traders were exchanging their goods for other materials. When the world entered into the age of metals, gold and silver has become one of the most heavily traded commodities. With the entry of regimes and governments that made coins, commerce has become the most important minerals of economic means by States. Because of the magnitude of the metals market and the participation of governments which have enacted laws Fadt traders in this market which I set the causes of the economic crisis in the U.S. twenty and thirty years of the twentieth century.

In these years (in 1931 specifically) was born the foreign exchange market or Forex what is known today. Despite the passage of these long years, but that the word Forex) still does not mean a lot of people in the world, especially for traders and businessmen, and being ignorant of branch fall under the stock trading in the global economy.

Stock markets exist in all countries of the world, and each stock exchange and its field of specialization. In addition to the currency market there are other types of exchanges, such as gold and silver exchanges, Petroleum Exchange, stocks, bonds, agricultural and energy.

There are two types of exchanges: exchanges direct exchange stock exchanges across the networks

Forex tracking stock exchanges across the networks are markets where buying and selling goods without a central location specific, but are buying and selling between businesses, banks and individuals through communication networks and computer (via the telephone exchange and Internet computer at one time among the hundreds of banks around the world ). This is the reason for the magnitude of the currency market, there are hundreds of millions of dollars are sold and buy every few seconds. And currency exchanges are also characterized by various indicators and technical analysis, news analysis and rapid access to the profits.

Although some analysts are divided Some look only to the risks and others are seen as benefits, but soon found his way exchange market along with other investment channels of financial markets and metals, real estate, commodities and other futures

READ MORE... Résuméabuiyad

The components of a Contract

Typically, in order to be enforceable, a contract must involve the following elements:

A- approval by the both sides  (Mutual Consent)

The parties to the contract have a mutual understanding of what the contract covers. For example, in a contract for the sale of a "cow", the buyer thinks he will obtain a Bull and the seller believes he is contracting to sell a horse, there is no meeting of the minds and the contract will likely be held unenforceable.

B -Offer by the seller  and Acceptance by the buyer

The contract involves an offer (or more than one offer) to another party, who accepts the offer. For example, in a contract for the sale of a car, the seller may offer the car to the buyer for $1,000.00. The buyer's acceptance of that offer is a necessary part of creating a binding contract for the sale of the car.

Please note that a counter-offer is not an acceptance, and will typically be treated as a rejection of the offer. For example, if the buyer counter-offers to purchase the car for $800.00, that typically counts as a rejection of the original offer for sale. If the seller accepts the counter-offer, a contract may be completed. However, if the seller rejects the counter-offer, the buyer will not ordinarily be entitled to enforce the prior $1,000.00 price if the seller decides either to raise the price or to sell the car to somebody else.

C- Mutual Consideration (The parties have to exchange something has value)

In order to be valid, the parties to a contract must exchange something of value. In the case of the sale of the car , the buyer receives something of value in the form of the car , and the seller receives money.

While the validity of consideration may be subject to attack on the basis that it is illusory (e.g., one party receives only what the other party was already obligated to provide), or that there is a failure of consideration (e.g., the consideration received by one party is essentially worthless), these defenses will not let a party to a contract escape the consequences of bad negotiation. For example, if a seller enters into a contract to sell a car for $100, and later gets an offer from somebody else for $1,000, the seller can't revoke the contract on the basis that the car was worth a lot more than he bargained to receive.

D- Performance or Delivery

In order to be enforceable, the action contemplated by the contract must be completed. For example, if the purchaser of the car  pays the $1,000 purchase price, he can enforce the contract to require the delivery of the car . However, unless the contract provides that delivery will occur before payment, the buyer may not be able to enforce the contract if he does not "perform" by paying the $1,000. Similarly, again depending upon the contract terms, the seller may not be able to enforce the contract without first delivering the car.

In a typical "breach of contract" action, the party alleging the breach will recite that it performed all of its duties under the contract, whereas the other party failed to perform its duties or obligations.

Additionally, the following elements may factor into the enforceability of any contract:

E- Good Faith (it has to be available) 

It is implicit within all contracts that the parties are acting in good faith. For example, if the seller of a " car " knows that the buyer thinks he is purchasing a car, but secretly intends to sell the buyer a horse, the seller is not acting in good faith and the contract will not be enforceable.

F- it has to be committed to the Public Policy   

In or

der to be enforceable, a contract cannot violate "public policy". For example, if the subject matter of a contract is illegal, you cannot enforce the contract. A contract for the sale of illegal drugs, for example, violates public policy and is not enforceable.

Please note that public policy can shift. Traditionally, many states refused to honor gambling debts incurred in other jurisdictions on public policy grounds. However, as more and more states have permitted gambling within their own borders, that policy has mostly been abandoned and gambling debts from legal enterprises are now typically enforceable. (A "bookie" might not be able to enforce a debt arising from an illegal gambling enterprise, but a legal casino will now typically be able to enforce its debt.) Similarly, it used to be legal to sell "switchblade kits" through the U.S. mail, but that practice is now illegal. Contracts for the interstate sale of such kits were no longer enforceable following that change in the law.

G- Oral Contracts

There is an old joke that "an oral contract isn't worth the paper it's written on". That's a reference to the fact that it can be very difficult to prove that an oral contract exists. Absent proof of the terms of the contract, a party may be unable to enforce the contract or may be forced to settle for less than the original bargain. Thus, even when there is not an opportunity to draft up a formal contract, it is good practice to always make some sort of writing, signed by both parties, to memorialize the key terms of an agreement.

At the same time, under most circumstances, if the terms of an oral contract can be proved or are admitted by the other party, an oral contract is every bit as enforceable as one that is in writing. There are, however, "statute of fraud" laws which hold that some contracts cannot be enforced unless reduced to writing and signed by both parties. For more information on the Statute of Frauds . Note that, although sometimes an oral contract is referred to as a "verbal contract", the term "oral" means "spoken" while the term "verbal" can also mean" in words". Under that definition, all contracts are technically "verbal". If you mean to refer to a contract that is not written, although most people will recognize what you mean by "verbal contract", for maximum clarity it is helpful to refer to it as an "oral contract".

With my Best Wishes

Economic consultant : Motasem Adwan  

READ MORE... Résuméabuiyad

basic human rights

Absolutely , at some time during your life, you heard someone say, "That's a violation of my civil rights!" You may have heard it on a popular crime drama on TV, or you may have said it after feeling cheated in some way.
Do you know what your civil rights are, exactly? Do you know how to protect them and stop others from violating them? You should. Your civil rights are important - many of them are worth dying for.

What Are Civil Rights?

Civil rights are the rights of personal liberty guaranteed to every one in the world , regardless of race, religion, sex, age or disabilities. The underlying principle is people shouldn't be punished because of personal traits they were born with and had no control over.
Think of it this way: African-Americans, Muslim ,women or Catholics are entitled to the same civil rights and liberties as Caucasians, men and Atheists.

Some of the basics  Rights & Liberties

Some of things that make it "great to an American" are in fact some of our most cherished and important civil rights and liberties. It's  protected and guaranteed by the US Constitution, most state constitutions as well as various federal laws. They include the right to:

• free expression 
• Assemble freely, such as participate in public demonstrations or belong to social groups or clubs
• The people have to be fortified  from false arrest or malicious prosecution
• Vote
• Due process, meaning you're given advance notice and a chance to defend yourself, if you're tried in court or a basic freedom or liberty is threatened
• Be free from excessive bails and fines, and cruel and unusual punishment
• A speedy and public trial, sometimes by a jury
• Equal protection of the laws, meaning you're entitled to the same benefits and protections of any state the same as any other citizen
• Privacy from unreasonable and unwarranted government intrusion into your home and personal affairs

Fighting Discrimination:

It's discrimination when your civil rights are denied or interfered with because you belong to a certain group or class of people with certain characteristics or traits, such race, religion, sex, age or disabilities. For instance, your civil rights are probably being violated if you're:

• Denied access to a voting booth simply because you're Asian or a woman
• Arrested for participating in a peaceful political demonstration, or burning the US flag
• Physically assaulted or beaten excessively without justification by law enforcement

READ MORE... Résuméabuiyad

best official law

The best office law in the united states (Latham & Watkins)

When you contact the Law Offices of Latham & Watkins, for advice and assistance regarding bankruptcy, immigration or family law, you will have direct access to an experienced attorney. Our law firm does not delegate our clients' critical legal matters to paralegals or junior associates. From your initial consultation through the conclusion of your legal matter, you will be reassured of open communication and a productive, collaborative attorney-client relationship.

To request a consultation with a well-accomplished Orlando lawyer regarding your divorce, debt situation, immigration or visa application call or e-mail the Law Offices of Latham & Watkins.

Our main office is located in (Los Angeles).  , but we have a convenient satellite office located in downtown New York .

Attorneys of the Law Offices of Latham & Watkins, are aggressive in pursuit of our clients' goals. We are passionate in the pursuit of resolving people's legal and practical problems involving:

• Debt relief and avoidance of repossessions and garnishments through Chapter 7 or Chapter 13 bankruptcy.

• Deportation defense and representation in immigration court for criminal charges, immigration fraud, waivers, bonds, asylum, deferred action, prosecutorial discretion and more
• Work visas, investor visas, consular processing, visa renewal and visa extension
• Permanent residency or "green card" adjustment of status applications on the basis of marriage, other family relationships or employment
• All areas of family law matters such as divorce, alimony, injunctions, modifications, name changes, child custody or child support enforcement
• Stepparent adoption or other adoption matters, as well as paternity actions
• General legal matters related to employment law, estate planning or personal injury.

While no case is too small for our consideration, likewise, no case is too complex. Over the years our office has literally handled thousands of cases in our respected practice areas, and it is no exaggeration to say that we have represented clients in the most complicated cases, including novel issues.

Our firm has handled family law cases all over the State of Florida and litigated cases in Immigration Courts throughout the United States, including Los Angeles and New York where we regularly accept cases.

Latham & Watkins provides practical advice and innovative solutions to assist clients in achieving their goals related to attracting and keeping talent and preventing costly employment disputes.

READ MORE... Résuméabuiyad

Definition of international law

Its the set of rules that govern relations between States which let to the same sovereignty does not recognize any authority above them. This argument gives the legal rules that dominate these relationships, innovative recipe that distinguish them from the rules relating to domestic law. People affiliated with this law are subject to the authority take the law and impose respect, while the states are subjects of international law, issued together "after the agreement between them, the systems that reflect their common interest, and keep each and every one of them is free to estimate the extent of its obligation and conditions for its implementation . law the internal law of obedience and compliance, is dominated by people who can force them to respect the law, the path of force if necessary, by administrative authorities. As for international law, it is, by contrast, is a law of coordination of only recruiting the cooperation between countries. Since this States are not subject to any authority above them, the contact between them is according to the "management, and keep each one from the sovereign in estimating the extent of their rights. This implies that all States to meaning of the legal basis is one, and since they tend to retail their key to the sacred values , the peace becomes "is not guaranteed. Therefore, all supporters of peace may be attacked by law, the idea of ​​sovereignty is the main obstacle to the superiority of international law to persons him, and they are states. This inference is based on the logic of a matter for debate, but sovereignty with regret the idea of ​​historical , it is difficult to change the date range of logical arguments. and must be integrated into these arguments strongly make the events of the command that was normal "yesterday, it appears the next day is" trivial. " This development was initiated after the two world wars, which Othbtta extent of the damage that lead to sovereign-ties released unleashed. Following the conflict first emerged some international organizations, notably the League of Nations is still increasing in number since the end of World War II. Although it was not possible in practice, recognize the importance of this incident immediately, "it was conceded a great" in terms of principles. Moving on from the international phase purely based on the coordination of voluntary government policies, to the community organizer, we arrive at a system derived from a different concept, can Find the properties of internal law and give a picture of a group of devices has the right of the legislation and the trial and execution. We must replace the exercise of the functions of social scatter some kind of authorities' focus is different severity depending on "the degree of solidarity felt by the allied countries. And thus are not taken to monotheism, which in vain" Try the invaders imposed, but are also "unity based on the approval of the joint to create power superior to its authority. and international organizations did not reflect this scheme theoretical but from a distance because it derives its existence from the countries themselves. and these countries are keen to retain the largest share possible of the sovereignty and only parts easy of them to the organization that created out of circumstances. and whatever seemed to contribute to international organizations, modest in terms of unit world, it was in the events of extreme importance. Since the first civilizations that emerged in the Mediterranean basin, we see that appeal contradictory between the gentlemen and the Alliance. that the history of international relations is the date of the rotation between the communities-oriented organization, and between the countries that  in the wars continue, without knowing any system only imposed by the gaseous stat

READ MORE... Résuméabuiyad

International humanitarian law

 

Despite the many definitions of international humanitarian law, but they - the tariff - were unanimous on the fact that one; that the goal of this law is to protect people who suffer from the scourge of war.

    To know the Waldo Mechanism of the Red Cross International Humanitarian Law as: a set of international rules laid down by treaties or custom, and customized specifically to solve problems of the humanity arising directly from international armed conflicts or non-international, and that limit - on humanitarian grounds - the right of parties to the conflict to resort to their choice of methods or means of combat, and protect persons and property.
    Known as Dr. roof international humanitarian law as "a branch of public international law, a set of international rules, customary and written, which aims to protect combatants and civilians during armed conflict, on humanitarian grounds, and maintenance funds that are not directly related to military operations.
    And concludes Tarawneh that the set of rules of law, customary or written, that have been reached, in order to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms during armed conflicts, has become known as international humanitarian law, which includes in its broadest sense international legal texts, all of which provide protection to the individual and his rights.

The basic instruments of international humanitarian law

Whether we in the process an international armed conflict or international rights, the victim of this conflict needs to be a humanitarian assistance and protection guaranteed by the rules of international humanitarian law, and perhaps most important of these instruments are:1. Declaration of St. Petersburg in 1868 to ban the explosive shells.2. Hague Declaration of 1899 on the shells, "the blood of the blood" and asphyxiating and other Hague Conventions.3. The Hague Conventions of 1907.4. First Geneva Convention of 1949, on improving the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the field.5. Second Geneva Convention of 1949 on improving the condition of the wounded, sick and shipwrecked members of armed forces at sea.6. The Third Geneva Convention of 1949 on prisoners of war.7. The Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949 on the protection of civilians in time of war.8. Protocol I of 1977 to the Geneva Conventions relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts.9. Second Protocol of 1977 to the Geneva Conventions on the protection of victims of non-international armed conflicts.10. United Nations Convention of 1980 on Prohibitions or Restrictions on Certain Conventional Weapons.And protected persons under the provisions of international humanitarian law during armed conflict were:

    Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the field.

    Shipwrecked, wounded and sick members of armed forces at sea.
    Prisoners of war.
    Civilians.

International humanitarian law and the United Nations

Since the inherent jurisdiction and, more importantly, of the United Nations is the maintenance of peace and security, for theexecutive of the United Nations a significant role in the application of international humanitarian law. The principal organs of the Organization in accordance with the provisions of Article 7/1 of the Charter are: the General Assembly and the Security Council and the Economic, the Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice. The Paragraph 2 of article above, it is permissible to establish what is required of other devices if necessary. Based on that, and with the end of the twentieth century, enabling the international community to reach an acceptable formula for a system based on the International Criminal Court, to contribute, along with measures and other mechanisms at the international and domestic, to meet the requirements of the international collective security as a whole, and the fight against international crime and keeping the stability of the UN Security .

In spite of the large number of international covenants and instruments, special rules of international humanitarian law, must make it clear that the United Nations has not yet been able to develop effective mechanisms and active to carry all States to implement their commitments under international conventions, like the penalties imposed by national laws on the citizens who break the law . Also, political considerations often disrupted or impeded the work of United Nations bodies and international courts.   

READ MORE... Résuméabuiyad